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欧盟指南:风险管理概念与术语及ISO 14971在MDR/IVDR中的应用

日期:2025-12-18 11:04:48 来源:本站原创   【字体:

 

目录

1.        危害、风险相关核心概念(Harm vs Hazard vs Hazardous Situation

2.        风险(Risk

3.        风险分析与危害分析(Risk Analysis vs Hazard Analysis

4.        根本原因分析(Root Cause Analysis

5.        风险估算、风险评价与风险等级(Risk Estimation vs Risk Evaluation vs Risk Rating

6.        风险准则(Risk Criteria

7.        个体风险评估(Evaluating Individual Risk

8.        总体风险评估(Evaluating Overall Risk

9.        风险评价(Risk Evaluation

10.     风险评估与风险评价的区别(Risk Assessment vs Risk Evaluation

11.     风险控制与风险缓解及残余风险(Risk Control vs Risk Mitigation and Residual Risk

12.     获益-风险分析(Benefit/Risk Analysis

13.     风险管理(Risk Management

14.     风险管理文件与报告及记录(Risk Management File vs Report and Records

15.     作为风险记录的FMEAFMEA as a Risk Record

16.     ISO 14971欧盟MDR/IVDR的关联(ISO 14971 vs EU MDR/IVDR

17.     趋势报告要求(Trend Reporting Requirements

18.     结合获益-风险分析的总体残余风险可接受性准则(Overall Residual Risk Acceptability Criteria Combined with the Benefit-Risk Analysis

19.     临床/性能评价报告(Clinical/Performance Evaluation Reports

一、危害、风险相关核心概念(Harm vs Hazard vs Hazardous Situation

ISO 14971对以下术语的定义如下:

          伤害(Harm):指对健康造成的损害、对财产造成的损失或对环境造成的破坏。

          危害(Hazard):指潜在的伤害源。

          危险情境(Hazardous Situation):指人员暴露于潜在伤害源的环境或情形。

伤害、危害与危险情境示例

 

伤害(可能发生的损伤或损害)

危害(潜在的伤害源)

危险情境(暴露于伤害的情形)

热灼伤(Thermal burn

设备表面温度(Device surface temperature

具有致灼伤表面温度的设备与患者皮肤接触(Device with a burn-inducing surface temperature comes into contact with patient skin

电击(Electrical shock

设备电源(Device power source

用户直接接触电网供电设备中裸露的带电线路(User comes into direct contact with exposed live electrical wiring in a mains connected device

过敏反应(Allergic reaction

设备化学成分(Device chemical composition

患者直接接触含有其过敏化学物质的设备(Patient comes into direct contact with a device which contains a chemical to which the patient has an allergy

二、风险(Risk

定义

风险(Risk)是指危害导致伤害的可能性与伤害严重程度的组合(measure of the possible consequence of a hazard and the likelihood of its occurrence)。

严重程度与发生概率(Severity and Probability

1. 伤害严重程度等级(Harm Severity Level

          致命(Fatal):导致死亡(Results in death

          严重(Critical):导致永久性功能障碍、不可逆损伤或心理创伤(Results in permanent impairment or irreversible injury / psychological trauma

          主要(Major):导致需要住院医疗或手术干预的损伤/功能障碍,或需要长期心理支持服务(Results in injury or impairment requiring inpatient medical or surgical intervention or long-term psychological support services

          轻微(Minor):导致暂时性损伤/功能障碍,无需住院医疗或手术干预,或仅需短期心理支持服务(Results in temporary injury or impairment not requiring inpatient medical or surgical intervention or requires short-term psychological support services

          可忽略(Negligible):仅造成不便或暂时性不适(Inconvenience or temporary discomfort

2. 伤害发生概率等级(Harm Probability of Occurrence Level

 

发生概率等级

发生概率描述(范围)

频繁(Frequent

≥50%

可能(Probable

50%≥5%

偶然(Occasional

5%≥1%

罕见(Remote

1%≥0.001%

极低(Improbable

0.001%

三、风险分析与危害分析(Risk Analysis vs Hazard Analysis

1. 风险分析(Risk Analysis

ISO 14971定义:系统地运用可获得的信息识别危害、评估风险,以判定风险等级的过程(systematic process to identify hazards and estimate the risk associated with each identified hazardous situation)。

2. 危害分析(Hazard Analysis

指识别可能导致伤害的潜在源头(hazard identification),以及分析这些危害可能引发的伤害类型和相关危险情境的过程(analysis of the types of harm that could result and the hazardous situations leading to that harm)。

示例

          危害分析:识别医疗设备中锐边这一危害,以及可能导致的划伤伤害。

          风险分析:评估锐边导致患者或使用者划伤的发生概率(如频繁接触场景下概率为10%)和严重程度(轻微至主要),进而判定风险等级。

四、根本原因分析(Root Cause Analysis

ISO 14971未对根本原因分析(Root Cause Analysis)给出明确定义,但该术语广泛应用于危害分析和风险分析中,指追溯导致危害或风险发生的根本因素的系统性过程(systematic process to identify the underlying factors that caused a hazard or hazardous situation)。

常见根本原因分析方法

          鱼骨图(Fishbone Diagram):从人员、设备、材料、流程、环境等维度分析根本原因。

          5Why分析法:通过连续追问为什么挖掘问题的核心原因。

          故障树分析(Fault Tree Analysis, FTA):从结果倒推可能的原因组合。

五、风险估算、风险评价与风险等级(Risk Estimation vs Risk Evaluation vs Risk Rating

1. 风险估算(Risk Estimation

指量化或定性评估危害导致伤害的发生概率和严重程度的过程(process of quantifying or qualitatively describing the probability of occurrence of harm and its severity)。

2. 风险评价(Risk Evaluation

指将估算的风险与预设的风险准则进行比较,判定风险是否可接受的过程(process of comparing the estimated risk against the risk criteria to determine the acceptability of the risk)。

3. 风险等级(Risk Rating

通过结合伤害的严重程度和发生概率,划分出的风险优先级层级(priority level assigned to a risk based on the combination of harm severity and probability of occurrence)。

风险等级矩阵(Risk Rating Matrix

 

伤害发生概率等级

伤害严重程度等级

 

 

 

 

 

可忽略(Negligible

轻微(Minor

主要(Major

严重(Critical

致命(Fatal

频繁(Frequent

 

 

 

 

 

可能(Probable

HO01

 

 

 

 

偶然(Occasional

 

 

H002H003

 

 

罕见(Remote

 

HO07

 

H004H005

 

极低(Improbable

 

 

 

 

H006

六、风险准则(Risk Criteria

风险准则(Risk Criteria)是组织确定风险可接受性的依据,包括定量或定性的风险阈值、评估标准等(standards, measures, or benchmarks used to determine the acceptability of a risk, including quantitative or qualitative risk thresholds)。

核心要求

          需与医疗器械的预期用途、使用场景及相关法规要求一致。

          应在风险管理过程初期制定,并在整个产品生命周期中保持适用性。

七、个体风险评估(Evaluating Individual Risk

对每个已识别的危害对应的风险等级,依据预设的个体风险可接受性准则进行评估(assessing the risk rating of each identified hazard against pre-determined individual risk acceptability criteria)。

评估逻辑

          若个体风险等级低于预设阈值,则判定为可接受。

          若高于阈值,则需采取风险控制措施降低风险。

八、总体风险评估(Evaluating Overall Risk

总体风险评估(Evaluating Overall Risk)是综合所有已识别危害的风险等级,判定产品整体风险是否可接受的过程(process of synthesizing the risk ratings of all identified hazards to determine the overall acceptability of the product's risk)。

评估标准

          若超过25%的已识别危害编号处于2区(黄色单元格)或3区(绿色单元格),需优先采取风险控制措施。

          完成风险控制后,若总体风险已降低至合理可行的最低水平(As Low As Reasonably Practicable, ALARP),则判定为广泛可接受。

九、风险评价(Risk Evaluation

风险评价(Risk Evaluation)是风险管理的关键环节,指基于风险分析结果,结合风险准则判定风险是否可接受,以及是否需要采取风险控制措施的过程(key process in risk management that involves determining the acceptability of a risk based on risk analysis results and risk criteria, and deciding whether risk control measures are required)。

注意事项

ISO 14971未强制要求制造商采用特定的风险评价方法或工具,需结合产品特性和组织实际情况选择。

十、风险评估与风险评价的区别(Risk Assessment vs Risk Evaluation

 

维度

风险评估(Risk Assessment

风险评价(Risk Evaluation

定义

识别危害、分析和估算风险的完整过程(comprehensive process of identifying hazards, analyzing and estimating risks

对比风险估算结果与风险准则,判定风险可接受性的特定环节(specific step of comparing risk estimation results against risk criteria to determine risk acceptability

范围

包含风险识别、风险分析、风险估算等前置步骤(includes preliminary steps such as hazard identification, risk analysis, and risk estimation

仅聚焦于风险可接受性判定(focuses solely on determining risk acceptability

输出结果

风险等级数据、潜在风险清单(risk rating data, list of potential risks

风险可接受/不可接受的判定结论(conclusion on whether the risk is acceptable or not

十一、风险控制与风险缓解及残余风险(Risk Control vs Risk Mitigation and Residual Risk

1. 风险控制(Risk Control

定义:制定并实施措施以将风险降低至规定水平或维持在规定范围内的过程(process in which decisions are made and measures implemented by which risks are reduced to, or maintained within, specified levels)。

2. 风险缓解(Risk Mitigation

风险缓解(Risk Mitigation)是风险控制的重要手段,指采取针对性措施降低风险的发生概率或严重程度(specific measures taken to reduce the probability of occurrence or severity of a risk)。

关键区别

制造商可能认为风险控制风险缓解同义,但二者并不完全等同:风险控制涵盖风险缓解、风险规避、风险转移等多种策略,而风险缓解仅聚焦于降低风险本身。

3. 残余风险(Residual Risk

定义:在实施所有适用的风险控制措施后,仍遗留的风险(risk remaining after all applicable risk control measures have been implemented)。

核心要求

          残余风险需满足合理可行的最低水平ALARP)。

          需通过获益-风险分析验证残余风险的可接受性(residual risk acceptability must be verified through benefit-risk analysis)。

十二、获益-风险分析(Benefit/Risk Analysis

获益-风险分析(Benefit/Risk Analysis)是评估医疗器械在预期用途下,其临床获益是否大于残余风险的系统性过程(systematic process of evaluating whether the clinical benefits of a medical device outweigh its residual risks when used as intended)。

ISO 14971:2019重点要求

          需详细记录器械的具体获益,避免模糊表述。

          获益需基于临床数据或合理的科学依据。

常见器械获益类型

          性能获益(Performance):相较于同类器械,具有更优的临床/诊断敏感性和特异性(Superior clinical / diagnostic sensitivity and specificity compared to similar devices)。

          安全获益(Safety):降低不良反应发生率或减少潜在伤害风险。

          便捷性获益(Convenience):简化操作流程、缩短治疗时间或提高患者依从性。

十三、风险管理(Risk Management

定义

风险管理(Risk Management)是系统地识别、分析、评价、控制和监测风险的一系列活动(systematic process of identifying, analyzing, evaluating, controlling, and monitoring risk)。

核心环节

          风险识别(Hazard Identification

          风险分析(Risk Analysis

          风险评价(Risk Evaluation

          风险控制(Risk Control

          风险监测(Risk Monitoring

医疗器械风险管理要求

          需贯穿产品的整个生命周期(from design and development to post-market surveillance)。

          需形成完整的风险管理文件(Risk Management File)。

十四、风险管理文件与报告及记录(Risk Management File vs Report and Records

1. 风险管理文件(Risk Management File

ISO 14971定义:包含风险管理过程中所有相关记录、分析结果、评价结论和控制措施的系统性文件集合(systematic collection of documents containing all relevant records, analysis results, evaluation conclusions, and control measures from the risk management process)。

2. 风险管理报告(Risk Management Report

风险管理报告(Risk Management Report)是对风险管理过程和结果的总结性文件,通常包含风险评估结果、风险控制措施实施情况、残余风险分析等核心内容(summary document of the risk management process and results, including core content such as risk assessment results, implementation of risk control measures, and residual risk analysis)。

3. 风险管理记录(Risk Management Records

指风险管理过程中产生的所有原始数据、会议纪要、验证报告等可追溯性文件(all traceable documents generated during the risk management process, such as raw data, meeting minutes, and verification reports)。

十五、作为风险记录的FMEAFMEA as a Risk Record

失效模式与影响分析(Failure Mode and Effects Analysis, FMEA)是常用的风险管理工具,可作为重要的风险记录(key risk record),用于:

          识别产品设计或过程中的潜在失效模式(identify potential failure modes in product design or processes)。

          分析失效模式导致的影响及严重程度(analyze the effects and severity of failure modes)。

          制定预防和纠正措施(develop preventive and corrective actions)。

核心要求

FMEA结果需纳入风险管理文件,确保与风险评估和控制过程的一致性。

十六、ISO 14971与欧盟MDR/IVDR的关联(ISO 14971 vs EU MDR/IVDR

核心关联

          ISO 14971是医疗器械风险管理的通用标准,欧盟MDR(医疗器械法规)和IVDR(体外诊断医疗器械法规)均要求制造商遵循其风险管理原则(ISO 14971 is a general standard for medical device risk management, and both EU MDR and IVDR require manufacturers to follow its risk management principles)。

          风险可接受性准则需与MDR/IVDR的通用安全和性能要求(GSPRs)保持一致,尤其是GSPRs 1245(a)89risk acceptability criteria must align with the General Safety and Performance Requirements (GSPRs) of the MDR/IVDR, particularly GSPRs 1, 2, 4, 5(a), 8, and 9)。

关键差异

          MDR/IVDR对上市后监测(PMS)中的风险监测提出了更严格的要求(MDR/IVDR impose stricter requirements for risk monitoring in Post-Market Surveillance (PMS))。

          需满足欧盟特定的文件编制和合规性证明要求(specific documentation and compliance certification requirements of the EU must be met)。

十七、趋势报告要求(Trend Reporting Requirements

趋势报告(Trend Reporting)是上市后监测的重要组成部分,要求制造商:

          持续收集和分析与产品风险相关的上市后数据(continuously collect and analyze post-market data related to product risks)。

          识别风险趋势(identify risk trends)并及时采取干预措施。

          MDR/IVDR要求向监管机构提交趋势报告(submit trend reports to regulatory authorities in accordance with MDR/IVDR requirements)。

十八、结合获益-风险分析的总体残余风险可接受性准则(Overall Residual Risk Acceptability Criteria Combined with the Benefit-Risk Analysis

核心原则

          总体残余风险的可接受性需结合获益-风险分析结果判定(overall residual risk acceptability must be determined in combination with benefit-risk analysis results)。

          若器械的临床获益显著大于残余风险,即使存在个别高风险点,也可能判定为可接受(if the clinical benefits of the device are significantly greater than the residual risks, it may be deemed acceptable even if there are individual high-risk points)。

十九、临床/性能评价报告(Clinical/Performance Evaluation Reports

临床/性能评价报告(Clinical/Performance Evaluation Reports)是支持获益-风险分析的关键文件,需包含:

          器械的临床性能数据(clinical performance data of the device)。

          安全性数据(safety data)及不良事件分析。

          与同类器械的对比分析(comparative analysis with similar devices)。

          基于数据的获益和风险总结(summary of benefits and risks based on data)。

相关文章

1.        英国MHRA与欧盟MDR/IVDR上市后监测(PMS):差距/差异概述(UK MHRA VS EU MDR/IVDR Post-Market Surveillance (PMS): Overview of Gaps/Differences

2.        欧盟指南:公告机构对制造商及其供应商的突击审核(EU Guide: Unannounced Notified Body Audits of a Manufacturer and Its Suppliers

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